2005
| Index |
| Preface |
| Freshwater Environment |
| Marine Environment |
| Atmospheric Environment |
| Acoustic Environment |
| Solid Wastes |
| Radiation and Radioactive Environment |
| Arable Land/Land Resources |
| Forests |
| Grassland |
| Biodiversity |
| Climate and Natural Disasters |
| Environmental Management |
|
General Situation
1. Water Quality of the Seven Major Rivers
In 2005, the water quality of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Songhua River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and Liaohe River was basically the same as the previous year.
Among the 411 surface water monitoring sections in the seven major rivers covered by the National Environmental Monitoring Center (NEMC), those with water quality at Grade I-III, IV-V, and those of the quality inferior to Grade V constituted 41%, 32%, and 27% respectively. Among others, the Pearl River and Yangtze River enjoyed fairly good water quality, Liaohe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, and Songhua River suffered from poor water quality, and Haihe River was heavily polluted. The major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, BOD5, permanganate index, and oils.
Comparison of Water Quality in the Seven Major Rivers in 2005
Comparison of Water Quality in the Seven Major Rivers in 2005
Comparison of Water Quality in the Seven Major Rivers in 2005
Among the 100 trans-province sections of the seven major rivers under national environmental monitoring program, 36%, 40%, and 24% fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV-V, or was worse than Grade V respectively. Trans-province river sections of the Haihe River and Huaihe River systems suffered from heavy pollution.
Comparison of Water Quality in Trans-Province Sections of the Seven Major Rivers in 2005
(1) Yangtze River system
Water quality of the Yangtze River system was good at large. 76%, 13%, and 11% of the 104 surface water sections under national monitoring program had water quality at Grade I-III, Grade IV-V or failed to meet Grade V respectively. The major pollutants were oils, ammonia nitrogen and BOD5.
The mainstream of the Yangtze River enjoyed good water quality, and compared with last year, all sections had no remarkable changes in water quality. The mainstream was slightly polluted in Yunnan and Shanghai Sections despite excellent or good water quality in other sections.
In general, the tributaries of the Yangtze River experienced slight pollution. No obvious changes in tributary water quality were observed compared with the previous year. The Yalong River, Jialing River, Hanjiang River, and Wujiang River witnessed excellent water quality, Dadu River, Minjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River, and Ganjiang River had good water quality (among others, Meishan Section of Minjiang River was heavily polluted, and Nanchang Section of Ganjiang River suffered from moderate pollution), and Tuojiang River was mildly polluted.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in the Yangtze River System in 2005
The water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River was excellent, and that of all the six sections under national monitoring program fell into Grade II. No obvious changes of water quality were observed compared with the previous year.
Trans-province sections of the Yangtze River enjoyed good water quality. Among the 20 sections, 80% had water quality up to Grade I-III, 15% fell into Grade IV-V, and another 5% failed to meet Grade V. Water quality in these sections did not change much compared with last year. The following sections suffered from poor water quality: Chuhe Section and Chahe Section bordering Anhui Province was worse than Grade V, Xindianpu Section of Baihe River in the boundary of Henan and Hebei Province fell into Grade V, Laochi Section of Fujiang River bordering Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality met Grade IV, and Tieluqiao Section of Jinsha River in the boundary of Yunnan and Sichuan Province was of Grade IV. All the other 16 trans-province sections met or were superior to Grade III national water quality standard. Water Quality of Trans-province Sections of the Yangtze River System in 2005
(2) Yellow River system
The Yellow River system was moderately polluted. Of the 44 surface water sections under national monitoring program, 34%, 41% and 25% respectively fell into Grade I-III, IV-V or worse than Grade V. The major pollutants were oils, ammonia nitrogen and BOD5.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Yellow River System in 2005
The mainstream of the Yellow River suffered from mild pollution, and the water quality remained the same with the previous year. Qinghai Section and Gansu Section of the mainstream enjoyed good water quality; Henan Section, Ningxia Section, Shaanxi-Shanxi Section, Baotou Section of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot Section, and Heze Section of Shandong Province were slightly polluted; Wuhai Section of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was under heavy pollution.
In general, the tributaries of the Yellow River suffered from heavy pollution, and the water quality remained the same as in the previous year. Yihe River had excellent water quality, and Luohe River enjoyed good water quality. Dahei River, Bahe River, and Qinhe River were slightly polluted; Huangshui River and Yiluo River suffered from moderate pollution, and Weihe River, Fenhe River, Sushui River, and Beiluo River were heavily polluted.
The trans-province sections of the Yellow River under national monitoring program had poor water quality. 9%, 55%, and 36% of the 11 trans-province river sections under national monitoring program fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV and V, or was worse than Grade V respectively. The following trans-province sections witnessed poor water quality: Lasengmiao Section bordering Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions in the mainstream of Yellow River failed to meet Grade V; Tongguan Suspension Bridge Section of Weihe River in the boundary of Shaanxi, Henan and Shanxi Province was worse than Grade V; Hejin Bridge section of Fenhe River bordering Shaanxi-Shanxi provinces failed to meet Grade V; Zhangliuzhuang Section of Songshui River bordering Shaanxi and Shanxi Province had water quality poorer than Grade V; Minhe Bridge Section (Huangshui River) in the boundary of Qinghai and Gansu Province fell into Grade V, and other trans-province sections had water quality meeting or better than Grade IV.
Water Quality of Trans-province Sections of the Yellow River System in 2005
(3) Pearl River system
Pearl River system enjoyed good water quality at large. Of the 33 surface water sections under national monitoring program, 76%, 18% and 6% fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV or was worse than Grade V respectively. There were no sections with water quality at Grade V. The major pollutants were oils, BOD5 and ammonia nitrogen.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Pearl River System in 2005
The overall water quality of the mainstream Pearl River was good with water quality the same as last year. Water quality in Yunnan Section of the mainstream was excellent, Guizhou Section and Guangxi Section enjoyed good water quality, and Guangdong Section was slightly polluted (among others, Changzhou Section had water quality worse than Grade V, and Lianhuashan Section fell into Grade IV).
Water quality of the tributaries of the Pearl River was good at large, and no obvious changes were observed compared with 2004. Dabang River, Duliu River, Liujiang River, Zuojiang River, Lijiang River, Guijiang River, and Dongjiang River enjoyed excellent water quality; Longjiang River, Youjiang River, Yongjiang River, Hejiang River, and Beijiang River observed good water quality. Beipan River and Modaomen Watercourse were slightly polluted.
The trans-province water section of Pearl River enjoyed excellent water quality. All the seven trans-province water sections under national-level monitoring program met or were better than Grade III quality standard.
Water Quality of Trans-province Sections of the Pearl River System in 2005
(4) Songhua River system
Songhua River system was slightly polluted. Of the 42 surface water sections under national monitoring program, 24%, 57% and 19% respectively fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV-V or were worse than Grade V. The major pollutants were permanganate index, oils and ammonia nitrogen.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Songhua River System in 2005
Being mildly polluted, the mainstream Songhua River remained the same with the previous year in terms of water quality. Changchun Section of mainstream was moderately polluted; Jilin Section enjoyed good water quality; from the river section that was bound out of Jinlin Province to the upper reaches of Harbin city was of good water quality. Other sections were slightly polluted.
In general, the tributaries of the Songhua River suffered from moderate pollution. Compared with last year, the water quality of tributaries turned out to be better. Among others, Ashi River, Yinma River and Yitong River were heavily polluted; Hulan River and Mudan River suffered moderate pollution, while Nenjiang River, Yalu River and Tao'er River were mildly polluted.
The trans-province sections of Songhua River that were under national-level monitoring program witnessed passable water quality. Among others, 34% fell into Grade I-III, 66% was at Grade IV level. No section of Grade V or worse was observed.
Water Quality of Trans-province Sections of the Pearl River System in 2005
(5) Huaihe River system
Huaihe River system suffered from moderate pollution. 17%, 51%, and 32% of the 86 surface water sections under national monitoring program fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV-V, or failed to meet Grade V respectively. Major pollutants were permanganate index, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen and oils.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Huaihe River System in 2005
The overall water quality of mainstream Huaihe River had slight pollution. No obvious changes occurred in the mainstream Huaihe River compared with the year 2004. Xinyang Section of Henan Province, Fuyang Section, Bengbu Section, and Chuzhou Section of Anhui Province, and Xuyi Section of Jiangsu Province were mildly polluted. Huainan Section of Anhui Province observed moderate pollution.
Generally speaking, the tributaries of the Huaihe River had heavy pollution. The water quality of the tributaries did not change much compared with last year. The Shihe River, Huanghe River, Shiguan River, Xifei River and Tuohe River were slightly polluted; Honghe River, floodway of Honghe River, and Huihe River had moderate water pollution. Yinghe River and Wohe River suffered from heavy pollution.
In general, rivers in Shandong Province had moderate water pollution but no remarkable changes of water quality compared with that of the previous year. Zhangtong River enjoyed good water quality; Chengguo River, Shagou River, Wuhe River, and Yihe River were seriously polluted; Xizhi River witnessed moderate pollution, and other rivers all had mild pollution.
The trans-province sections of the Huaihe River subject to nation-level monitoring had moderate water pollution, among which 13% had water quality at Grade I-III, 56% was of Grade IV-V, and another 31% failed to meet Grade V.
Water Quality of Trans-province-boundary Sections of the Huaihe River System in 2005
(6) Haihe River System
Haihe River system was heavily polluted. Of the 65 surface water sections subject to national-level monitoring, 22%, 24% and 54% met Grade I-III, Grade IV-V or failed to meet Grade V standard respectively. Major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, oils and BOD5.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Haihe River System in 2005
The mainstream of Haihe River suffered from heavy pollution, and compared with the previous year, no remarkable changes occurred in terms of water quality.
Other tributaries of the Haihe River were heavily polluted, and no obvious changes were observed. Luanhe River enjoyed good water quality; Yongding River and Ziya River were slightly polluted. The South Canal, Dasha River, Zhangweixin River, Tuhai River, Majia River and North Canal suffered from heavy pollution.
The trans-province sections of Haihe River under national monitoring program had moderate pollution. 24% had water quality at Grade I-III, 38% was of Grade IV-V, and 38% failed to meet Grade V. Water Quality of Trans-province-boundary Sections of the Haihe River System in 2005
(7) Liaohe River System
Liaohe River system suffered from heavy pollution. 30%, 30% and 40% of the 37 surface water sections fell into Grade I-III, Grade IV-V, or was worse than Grade V respectively. Major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, oils and permanganate index.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality in Liaohe River System in 2005
The mainstream of the Liaohe River was heavily polluted, and the water quality remained the same with last year.
The tributaries of the Liaohe River had heavy water pollution, and compared with the year 2004, water quality deteriorated to some extent. The Dongliao River, Laoha River, and Xilamulun River were slightly polluted. Xiliao River had moderate water pollution. The Tiaozi River and Zhaosutai River suffered from heavy pollution.
The trans-province sections of the Liaohe River System under national monitoring program were of poor water quality. Of the three monitored sections, Dianzi Section of Laoha River bordering Liaoning Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region fell into Grade III water quality; Sishuang Bridge Section of Dongliao River in the boundary of Jilin and Liaoning Province had water quality of Grade V; and Fudedian Section of Liaohe River bordering Jilin Province, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province failed to meet Grade V. Water Quality of Trans-province-boundary Sections of the Liaohe River System in 2005
2. Water Quality of Rivers in Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province
Rivers in Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province enjoyed good water quality at large. No obvious changes occurred compared with that of last year. Of the 32 surface water sections subject to national-level monitoring, 34% had water quality at Grade I-II, 41% fell into Grade III, 22% was at Grade IV, and another 3% met Grade V. No sections were observed with water quality worse than Grade V. The major pollutants were oils, ammonia nitrogen and BOD5.
3. Water Quality of Rivers in Southwest and Northwest China
Rivers in Southwest China Rivers in Southwest China enjoyed good water quality. Compared with the previous year, no obvious changes were observed. Of the 17 surface water sections subject to national-level monitoring, 6% had water quality at Grade I, 53% fell into Grade II, 23% met Grade III, 6% was of Grade IV, and another 12% failed to meet Grade V. The major pollutants were lead and permanganate index.
Rivers in Northwest China The water quality of Rivers in Northwest China was good, with no obvious changes compared with the year 2004. 85% of the 28 surface water sections under national monitoring program were of water quality at Grade I-III, 7% was at Grade IV, and the proportions of sections with water quality both at or worse than Grade V were 4%. The major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen and oils.
4. Water Quality of Lakes and Reservoirs
In 2005, of the 28 major lakes and reservoirs under national monitoring program, 2 met Grade II, accounting for 7%; 6 fell into Grade III, taking up 21%; 3 were at Grade IV, constituting 11%; 5 witnessed Grade V of water quality, taking up 18%; and 12 failed to meet Grade V, accounting for 43%. Among others, Taihu Lake, Dianchi Lake and Chaohu Lake had their water quality worse than Grade V. The major pollutants were total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP).
Water Quality of Major Lakes and Reservoirs in 2005
(1) Taihu Lake
Lake Body In 2005, although the annual average values of permanganate index and total phosphorus in Taihu Lake body met Grade III and Grade IV respectively, the heavy pollution caused by total nitrogen made the water quality fail to meet Grade V. The nutrition index of the lake body proved to be 62, indicating that the lake was in moderate eutrophication. The water quality of the lake body did not change much in comparison with the last year.
None of the 21 sites under national monitoring program witnessed Grade I-IV water quality, and 33% and 67% fell into Grade V or failed to meet Grade V respectively. The major pollutant was total nitrogen. Wuli Lake and Meiliang Lake were much more seriously polluted than the central part of the lake as well as the east bank area.
Major Pollutant Index of Taihu Lake Body and the Water Quality in 2005
Rivers Surrounding the Lake The rivers around Taihu Lake had moderate pollution. However, compared with last year, the overall water quality of those rivers had become better. Major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, oils and BOD5.
Of the 89 surface water sections subject to national-level monitoring, 1% had water quality at Grade II, 16% fell into Grade III, 28% was of Grade IV, 17% met Grade V, and another 38% failed to meet Grade V standard.
(2) Dianchi Lake
Lake Body In 2005, the Grass Sea of Dianchi Lake experienced serious eutrophication, while the Outer Sea was under moderate eutrophication. The monitoring results of the ten sites under national monitoring program of the lake indicated that the water quality of the Grass Sea failed to meet Grade V, and that of the Outer Sea fell into Grade V. The pollution of Grass Sea was much more serious than the Outer Sea. No obvious changes occurred in terms of water quality of the lake body compared with last year.
The Major Pollutant Index of Dianchi Lake Body and Its Water Quality in 2005
Comparison of Major Pollutant Index in Dianchi Lake Area between 2004 and 2005
Rivers Surrounding the Lake The rivers around Dianchi Lake suffered from heavy pollution in 2005. The water quality worsened off to some extent compared with last year. The major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen and BOD5. Of the 8 surface water sections under national monitoring program, 12% had water quality at Grade II, 25% was of Grade IV water quality and 63% failed to meet Grade V.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality of Rivers around Dianchi Lake in 2005
(3) Chaohu Lake
Lake body In 2005, Chaohu Lake was in moderate eutrophication state (among others, west part experienced moderate eutrophication, and east part had minor eutrophication). The monitoring results of the 12 sites under national monitoring program indicated that the overall water quality of the lake body failed to meet Grade V (among others, the east part fell into Grade V, and the west part was worse than Grade V). The west part experienced more serious pollution than the east part. Compared with the year 2004, no obvious change occurred in terms of water quality.
Major Pollutant Index and the Water Quality of Chaohu Lake Body in 2005
Comparison of Major Pollutants in Chaohu Lake Area between 2004 and 2005
Rivers Surrounding the Lake Of the 12 surface water sections under national monitoring program in rivers around Chaohu Lake (including two sections containing pollutants), 8% fell into Grade II, 8% was of Grade III water quality, 33% had water quality of Grade IV, 8% witnessed water quality at Grade V and the remaining 43% failed to meet Grade V. The major pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, BOD5 and dissolved oxygen.
Proportions of Varied Water Quality of Rivers around Chaohu Lake in 2005
(5) Other Large Freshwater Lakes
Among the 10 major freshwater lakes under national monitoring program, Xingkai Lake had water quality of Grade II; Erhai Lake and Bositeng Lake were of Grade III water quality; Jingbo Lake and Poyang Lake fell into Grade IV; Dongting Lake and Nansi Lake had Grade V water quality, and Baiyangdian Lake, Dalai Lake and Hongze Lake was worse than Grade V. The major pollutants were total nitrogen, total phosphorus, permanganate index, etc. Compared with the previous year, the water quality of Poyang Lake was remarkably improved from the level inferior to Grade V to Grade IV, so was the case of Nansi Lake from worse than Grade V to Grade V. Other large freshwater lakes witnessed no evident change in water quality.
Of the 8 lakes (no data for the rest of two lakes), Erhai Lake and Poyang Lake were in mesotrophic state; Nansi Lake and Hongze Lake experienced mild eutrophication; Bositeng Lake, Jingbo Lake, Dongting Lake and Dalai Lake were under moderate eutrophication.
Water Quality of 10 Major Freshwater Lakes in 2005
(6) Urban Lakes
Of the 5 urban lakes included in the monitoring statistics, Kunming Lake (in Beijing City) and Xuanwu Lake (in Nanjing City) were of Grade V water quality; Xihu Lake (in Hangzhou City), Donghu Lake (in Wuhan City) and Daming Lake (in Jinan City) failed to meet Grade V. The major pollutants were total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Kunming Lake and Xihu Lake experienced mild eutrophication, and Xuanwu Lake, Donghu Lake and Daming Lake had moderate eutrophication.
Compared with 2004, the water quality of Xihu Lake deteriorated from Grade V to worse than Grade V. Kunming Lake, Xuanwu Lake and Donghu Lake had no remarkable change in water quality.
Water Quality of Kunming Lake, Xuanwu Lake, Xihu Lake, Daming Lake and Donghu Lake in 2005
(7) Large Reservoirs
In 2005, of the 10 large reservoirs under monitoring program, Shimen Reservoir (in Shaanxi Province) had Grade II water quality. Qiandao Lake (in Zhejiang Province), Danjiangkou Reservoir (in Hubei Province), Miyun Reservoir (in Beijing City) and Dongpu Reservoir (in Anhui Province) met Grade III; Yuqiao Reservoir (in Tianjin City) fell into Grade IV; Songhua Lake (in Jilin Province) was of Grade V water quality; Menlou Reservoir (in Shandong Province), Dahuofang Reservoir (in Liaoning Province) and Laoshan Reservoir (in Shandong Province) failed to meet Grade V. Among others, Qiandao Lake was in oligotrophic state, Yuqiao Reservoir had mild eutrophication, and the rest 7 large reservoirs were in mesotrophic state (except Shimen Reservoir, which did not undergo eutrophication status evaluation due to incomplete data).
Compared with last year, the water quality of Danjiangkou Reservoir turned out to be better from Grade IV to Grade III; Songhua Lake had its water quality change from Grade IV to Grade V, while Dahuofang Reservoir and Laoshan Reservoir deteriorated from Grade V to worse than Grade V. No obvious change of water quality occurred in other large reservoirs. Water Quality of 10 Major Reservoirs in 2005
5. Water Quality of Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Urban Areas
Of the 113 key environmental protection cities, Tai'an, Qujing, and Tongchuan were excluded of the statistics due to insufficient water supply. The monitoring results of 360 centralized drinking water sources of the remaining 110 major cities showed that the water quality of centralized water sources in key cities was good at large. An average of 1.61 billion tons of water was taken monthly from the 113 key environmental protection cities, among which 1.29 billion tons reached the standard, taking up 80%. 320 million tons failed to meet with the standard, accounting for 20%. The major pollutants index in rivers was fecal coliform, and the major pollutants index of lakes or reservoirs was total nitrogen.
6. Groundwater
(1) Groundwater Quality
In 2005, 160 cities (including the regions under the jurisdiction of cities in the plain area) across the country launched the work to monitor underground water quality (139 cities at or above prefecture level and 21 at county level). The area of underground water monitoring sites totaled 1.11 million km2.
Compared with the previous year, the overall quality of underground water in major cities and plain areas across the country remained stable despite the deteriorating trend in part of the areas. The monitoring results indicated that the pollution of underground water aggravated in 21 cities (mainly in Northwest, Northeast, and Southeast areas), 14 cities had their pollution situation alleviated (mainly in North China and Northwest region) and 123 cities witnessed stable underground water quality.
Northeast China Poor or extremely poor water quality was observed mainly in Baishan, Baicheng, Dalian, and Mudanjiang City. Good or excellent water quality was distributed in Yanji, Liaoyuan, Tonghua, Anshan, Shenyang, Tieling City, etc. Compared with the previous year, nitrate and nitrite levels tended to rise up, and the level of iron, sulphate, and chlorides increased to some extent in part of the areas. North China Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the State Council in North China all had very few pollutants remarkably aggravated, those pollutants being total hardness, sulphate, nitrate, and nitrite. Compared with last year, groundwater quality of the whole region remained stable at large. The groundwater pollution in the city of Handan, Tangshan, Tongliao and Baotou aggravated, while that of Shijiazhuang, Chengde, Langfang, Hohhot, Jining and Wuhai was alleviated. Northwest China Compared with last year, the levels of chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia nitrogen increased to some extent, so did the content of cyanide in Ankang City. Xifeng, Pingliang, Xining, Golmud, Dushanzi, and Kuerle witnessed excellent and stable groundwater quality, while Xi¡¯an, Ankang, Tianshui, Yinchuan, Shizuishan, Miquan, Usu, Keshen, Hutubi, and Changji had poor or even worse groundwater quality. East China In general, East China region enjoyed good groundwater quality. In comparison with 2004, the pollutant levels were stable, but some areas witnessed an increase in total hardness, dissolved solids, nitrate, fluoride and COD. Shandong Province mainly experienced poor or even worse water quality. Such water quality distributed in the urban areas of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Wenzhou, Taizhou, Fuyang, Bengbu, Bozhou, Huaibei, Suzhou (in Anhui Province), Nanchang and Ji'an as well. Central and South China The groundwater quality in this region remained stable, and turned gradually to be better from northern part to southern part. Groundwater pollution in Zhengzhou City was eased at large, while that of Huangshi, Changsha, Xiangtan, and Yueyang City aggravated. Apart from Zhengzhou, Xianning, and Binzhou City that enjoyed excellent or good water quality, the major monitoring sites in other cities of Henan, Hunan, and Hubei Province suffered from poor or extremely poor water quality. Guangdong and Hainan Province had good water quality. The contents of sulphate and chloride in groundwater of Kaifeng City increased slightly, while the content of iron and manganese in Wuhan City groundwater rose to some extent. All the regular indicators in the groundwater of Xiangfan, Huangshi, Changsha, Beihai and Liuzhou City increased. Southwest China This region was dominated by excellent or good water quality, while the major monitoring sites in Kaiyuan, Chuxiong, Guiyang City, some sections of Anshun City, Chengdu, and Deyang City experienced poor water quality. Compared with last year, except the heavier groundwater pollution in Chuxiong City, the groundwater quality in other regions did not change much, and only very few indicators increased (nitrate and nitrite are the major indicators that witnessed increase, and dissolved solids and sulphate rose in specific areas). (2) Funnel of Groundwater Depression
There were 188 funnels of groundwater depression nationwide. Of the 171 funnels with systematic statistics, 65 had expanded (a total increase in area of 6,736 km2), 57 shrank (a total reduction in area of 2,175 km2) and another 49 remained stable.
In 2005, measures such as sealing the wells to limit the exploitation of groundwater were taken to prevent ground subsidence in the Yangtze River Delta. As a result, the expansion of funnels of groundwater depression was mitigated to some extent, and the area of the funnel in No. II confined aquifer of Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou area reduced by 700 km2. Affected by the overexploitation of groundwater for a long time, North China Plain still had funnels of groundwater depression, especially in Cangzhou-Dezhou-Hengshui area where the funnels of deep groundwater depression continued to grow both in terms of area and depth. No. III confined aquifer of Cangzhou City in Hebei Province had its funnels increase by 2,089 km2, and the groundwater table was as deep as 101m.
7. Discharge Amount of Wastewater and Major Pollutants
In 2005, the total discharge amount of wastewater across the country amounted to 52.45 billion tons (among which the industrial effluent came up to 24.31 billion tons, and domestic sewage amounted to 28.14 billion tons). The COD emission totaled 14.142 million tons (including 5.548 million tons from industrial sector and 8.594 million tons from domestic sources). The release of ammonia nitrogen was 1.498 million tons (including 525,000 tons from industrial sources and 973,000 tons from domestic sources).
Discharge Amount of Wastewater and Major Pollutants in Recent Years across China
In 2005, 91.2% of the industrial wastewater in China was discharged up to the standard, up by 0.5 percentage point. Among others, the up-to-the-standard rate in major enterprises and industries was 92.8%, 0.9 percentage point higher than the previous year, and that of non-major enterprises and industries was 80.6%, same as that of the last year. Countermeasures and Actions
¡¾Investigations on the Manganese pollution accident in the bordering area of Hunan Province, Chongqing Municipality and Guizhou Province¡¿ In August 2005, State Leaders made important instructions on the Manganese pollution accident in the bordering area of Hunan Province, Chongqing Municipality and Guizhou Province in succession. In order to put these instructions into effect, SEPA, together with the three provincial (municipal) governments concerned developed the Plan on the Treatment of Manganese Pollution in the Bordering Area of Hunan Province, Guizhou Province and Chongqing Municipality. 41 electrolytic Manganese enterprises in this area made the efforts to treat Manganese pollution following the above Plan. By the end of December 2005, most of the electrolytic enterprises had basically completed the treatment work. Accordingly, rivers in this area saw improved water quality, and the surface water quality met Grade III national standards.
¡¾Progress of Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Major River Basins¡¿In 2005, the COD reduction targets of the Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Dianchi Lake, eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Three Gorges Reservoir area as well as its upper reaches were met respectively by 100%, 61%, 65%, 76%, 95%, 0, 17% and 33%. Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake area basically completed the task of reducing total phosphorus.
By the end of 2005, of the 2,130 pollution treatment projects defined in the Tenth Five-Year Plan for water pollution prevention and control, 1,378 projects had been finished, accounting for 65%, 466 were underway, taking up 22%, and 286 had not yet started construction, accounting for 13%. 86.4 billion yuan of investment had been secured, accounting for 53% of the total inputs. 70%, 56%, 43%, 86%, 53%, 54%, 68% and 68% of the projects were completed respectively in the Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Dianchi Lake, eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches, and 57%, 55%, 34%, 77%, 62%, 15%, 19% and 77% of investment was secured respectively in these areas. The proportions of completed projects in areas of those river basins were as follows:
Huaihe River Basins: 81%, 64%, 63% and 56% respectively in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Henan provinces.
Haihe River Basins: 91%, 76%, 67%, 61%, 49% and 44% respectively in Beijing, Henan, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi and Hebei.
Liaohe River Basins: 66%, 44% and 18% respectively in Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
Taihu Lake Basins: 100%, 89% and 79% respectively in Shanghai, Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province.
Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project: 71% in Shandong Province and 51% in Jiangsu Province.
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its upper reaches: 79%, 68%, 66%, 56% and 39% respectively in Sichuan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces.
¡¾Information on meeting the targets set by the Tenth Five-Year Plan for water pollution prevention and control in major river basins¡¿Of the 453 river sections under the water quality monitoring and assessment program as set in the Tenth Five-Year Plan for water pollution prevention and control in the Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Dianchi Lake, eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches, 270 sections reached the water quality standard, taking up 60%.
Take the permanganate index as an example, 84%, 57%, 50%, 45% and 73% of the sections in Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches met the standards. As to both the permanganate index and the total phosphorus, 36%, 50% and 50% of the sections in Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Dianchi Lake had their water quality up to the standard. The up-to-the-standard rates of water quality in sections of all river basins were shown as below:
Huaihe River Basins: Henan-95%, Jiangsu-91%, Anhui-79%, Shandong-68%.
Haihe River Basins: Tianjin-87%, Beijing-75%, Henan-67%, Shandong-47%, Hebei-40%, Shanxi-33%.
Liaohe River Basins: Inner Mongolia-100%, Liaoning-40%, Jilin-38%.
Taihu Lake Basins: Jiangsu-43%, Zhejiang-0%.
Eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project: Jiangsu-57%, Shandong-38%. The Three Gorges Reservoir area and its upper reaches: Chongqing-100%, Guizhou-100%, Yunnan-80%, Hubei-67%, Sichuan-58%.
¡¾Surveys on the organic pollution in drinking water sources of major cities¡¿Leaders of CPC and the State Council attached great importance to drinking water safety. CPC Secretary General Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao, and Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan all delivered important instructions on this matter for many times. In order to carry out the important instructions of the CPC and State Council on solving drinking water safety problems, SEPA launched the campaign to monitor and investigate the hazardous and toxic organic pollutants in drinking water sources of major cities across the country in 2005. A total of 231 sampling sites were located in 206 drinking water sources of 56 cities, and 2,300 samples were collected, which generated 37,234 data on monitoring and investigating of hazardous and toxic organic pollutants. According to the survey, preliminary information was obtained on the type and levels of hazardous and toxic organic pollutants (volatile organic pollutants, semi-volatile organic pollutants, organic chlorine pesticide and organic phosphorus pesticide) in centralized drinking water sources of major cities. The findings paved the way for further formulation of relevant standards, criteria and analytical methods on organic pollutants in drinking water sources, and provided scientific basis for improving and deepening environmental management.
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